ဂျပန်နာမ်စား

ဂျပန်နာမ်စားသည် ဂျပန်ဘာသာစကားရှိ စကားလုံးများဖြစ်ပြီး လူများ၊ အရာဝတ္ထုများကို ရည်ညွှန်းပြောဆိုရာတွင် အသုံးပြုသည်။

လူပုဂ္ဂိုလ်များအတွက် ဂျပန်နာမ်စားများ

ဤစာရင်းသည် ပြီးပြည့်စုံမှု မရှိသေးပေ။ ဂျပန်ဘာသာစကားတွင် လူပုဂ္ဂိုလ်များကို ရည်ညွှန်းသည့် နာမ်စားများ များစွာရှိသည်။ အောက်ပါစာရင်းသည် အသုံးအများဆုံးနာမ်စားများဖြစ်သည်။

ရိုမဂျိ	ဟိရဂန	ခန်ဂျိ	Level of speech	Gender	Notes
– I/me –
watashi	わたし	私	formal/informal	both	In formal or polite contexts, this is gender neutral; in casual speech, it is typically only used by women. Use by men in casual context may be perceived as either stiff or feminine.
watakushi	わたくし	私	very formal	both	The most formal personal pronoun.
ware	われ	我, 吾	very formal	both	Used in literary style. Also used as rude second person in western dialects.
waga	わが	我が	very formal	both	Means "my" or "our". Used in speeches and formalities; 我が社 waga-sha (our company) or 我が国 waga-kuni (our country).
တမ်းပလိတ်:Vanchor	おれ	俺	informal	males	Frequently used by men. Establishes a sense of masculinity. Can be seen as rude depending on the context. Emphasizes one's own status when used with peers and with those who are younger or of lesser status. Among close friends or family, its use conveys familiarity rather than masculinity or superiority. It was used by both genders until the late Edo period and still is in some dialects. Also oi in Kyushu dialect.
တမ်းပလိတ်:Vanchor	ぼく	僕	formal/informal	males	Used by males of all ages; very often used by boys. Perceived as humble, but can also carry an undertone of "feeling young" when used by males of older age. Also used when casually giving deference; "servant" uses the same kanji (僕 shimobe). Can also be used as a second-person pronoun toward male children (English equivalent – "kid" or "squirt").
washi	わし	儂	formal/informal	mainly males	Often used in western dialects and fictional settings to stereotypically represent characters of old age. Also wai, a slang version of washi in the Kansai dialect.
jibun	じぶん	自分	formal/informal	mainly males	Literally "oneself"; used as either reflexive or personal pronoun. Can convey a sense of distance when used in the latter way. Also used as casual second person pronoun in the Kansai dialect.
atai	あたい		very informal	females	Slang version of あたし atashi.
atashi	あたし		informal	females, rarely males (Edo dialect)	A feminine pronoun that strains from わたし ("watashi"). Rarely used in written language, but common in conversation, especially among younger women.
atakushi	あたくし		informal	females
uchi	うち	家, 内	informal	mostly females	Means "one's own". Often used in western dialects especially the Kansai dialect. Generally written in kana. Plural form uchi-ra is used by both genders. Singular form is also used by both sexes when talking about the household, e.g., "uchi no neko" ("my/our cat"), "uchi no chichi-oya" ("my father"); also used in less formal business speech to mean "our company", e.g., "uchi wa sandai no rekkāsha ga aru" ("we (our company) have three tow-trucks").
(own name)			informal	both	Used by small children and young women, considered cute and childish.
တမ်းပလိတ်:Vanchor	おいら		informal	males	Similar to 俺 ore, but more casual. Evokes a person with a rural background, a "country bumpkin".
တမ်းပလိတ်:Vanchor	おら		informal	both	Dialect in Kanto and further north. Similar to おいら oira, but more rural. Famous as used by main characters in Dragon Ball and Crayon Shin-chan among children. Also ura in some dialects.
wate	わて		informal	both	Dated Kansai dialect. Also ate (somewhat feminine).
shōsei	しょうせい	小生	formal, written	males	Used among academic colleagues. Lit. "your pupil".
– you (singular) –
(name and honorific)			formality depends on the honorific used	both
anata	あなた	貴方, 貴男, 貴女	formal/informal	both	The kanji are very rarely used. The only second person pronoun comparable to English "you", yet still not used as often in this universal way by native speakers, as it can be considered having a condescending undertone, especially towards superiors. For expressing "you" in formal contexts, using the person's name with an honorific is more typical. More commonly, anata may be used when having no information about the addressed person; also often used as "you" in commercials, when not referring to a particular person. Furthermore, commonly used by women to address their husband or lover, in a way roughly equivalent to the English "dear".
anta	あんた		informal	both	Contraction of あなた anata. Can express contempt, anger or familiarity towards a person. Generally seen as rude or uneducated when used in formal contexts.
otaku	おたく	お宅, 御宅	formal, polite	both	A polite way of saying "your house", also used as a pronoun to address a person with slight sense of distance. Otaku/otakki/ota turned into a slang term referring to a type of geek/obsessive hobbyist, as they often addressed each other as otaku.
omae	おまえ	お前	very informal	both (masculine)	Similar to anta, but used by men with more frequency. Expresses the speaker's higher status or age, or a very casual relationship among peers. Often used with おれ ore. Very rude if said to elders. Commonly used by men to address their wife or lover, paralleling the female use of "anata".
temē, temae	てめえ, てまえ	手前	rude and confrontational	mainly males	Literal meaning "the one in front of my hand". Temē, a reduction of temae, is more rude. Used when the speaker is very angry. Originally used for a humble first person. The Kanji are seldom used with this meaning, as unrelated to its use as a pronoun, 手前 can also mean "before", "this side", "one's standpoint" or "one's appearance".
kisama	きさま	貴様	extremely hostile and rude	mainly males	Historically very formal, but has developed in an ironic sense to show the speaker's extreme hostility / outrage towards the addressee.
kimi	きみ	君	informal	both	The kanji means "lord" (archaic) and is also used to write -kun. Informal to subordinates; can also be affectionate; formerly very polite. Among peers typically used with 僕 boku. Often seen as rude or assuming when used with superiors, elders or strangers.
kika	きか	貴下	informal, to a younger person	both
kikan	きかん	貴官	very formal, used to address government officials, military personnel, etc.	both
on-sha	おんしゃ	御社	formal, used to the listener representing your company	both	only used in spoken language.
ki-sha	きしゃ	貴社	formal, similar to onsha	both	only used in written language as opposed to onsha
– he / she –
ano kata	あのかた	あの方	very formal	both	Sometimes pronounced ano hou, but with the same kanji. 方 means "direction," and is more formal by avoiding referring to the actual person in question.
ano hito	あのひと	あの人	formal/informal	both	Literally "that person".
yatsu	やつ	奴	informal	both	A thing (very informal), dude, guy.
koitsu, koyatsu	こいつ, こやつ	此奴	very informal, implies contempt	both	Denotes a person or material nearby the speaker. Analogous to "he/she" or "this one".
soitsu, soyatsu	そいつ, そやつ	其奴	very informal, implies contempt	both	Denotes a person or material nearby the listener. Analogous to "he/she" or "that one".
aitsu, ayatsu	あいつ, あやつ	彼奴	very informal, implies contempt	both	Denotes a person or (less frequently) material far from both the speaker and the listener. Analogous to "he/she" or "that one".
– he –
kare	かれ	彼	formal (neutral) and informal (boyfriend)	both	Can also mean "boyfriend". Formerly 彼氏 kareshi was its equivalent, but this now always means "boyfriend".
– she –
kanojo	かのじょ	彼女	formal (neutral) and informal (girlfriend)	both	Originally created from 彼の女 kano on'na "that female" as an equivalent to female pronouns in European languages. Can also mean "girlfriend".
– we (see also list of pluralising suffixes, below) –
ware-ware	われわれ	我々	formal	both	Mostly used when speaking on behalf of a company or group.
ware-ra	われら	我等	informal	both	Used in literary style. ware is never used with -tachi.
hei-sha	へいしゃ	弊社	formal and humble	both	Used when representing one's own company. From a Sino-Japanese word meaning "low company" or "humble company".
waga-sha	わがしゃ	我が社	formal	both	Used when representing one's own company.
– they (see also list of pluralising suffixes, below) –
kare-ra	かれら	彼等	common in spoken Japanese and writing	both

Archaic personal pronouns

Romaji	Hiragana	Kanji	Meaning	Level of speech	Gender	Notes
asshi	あっし	私	I		males	Slang version of watashi. From the Edo period.
sessha	せっしゃ	拙者	I		males	Used by samurai during the feudal ages (and often also by ninja in fictionalized portrayals). From a Sino-Japanese word meaning "one who is clumsy".
wagahai	わがはい	我が輩, 吾輩	I		males	Literally "my fellows; my class; my cohort", but used in a somewhat pompous manner as a first-person singular pronoun.
soregashi	それがし	某	I		males	Literally "So-and-so", a nameless expression. Similar to sessha.
warawa	わらわ	妾	I		females	Literally "child". Mainly used by women in samurai family. Today, it is used in fictional settings to represent archaic noble female characters.
wachiki	わちき		I		females	Used by geisha and oiran in Edo period. Also あちき achiki and わっち watchi.
yo	よ	余, 予	I		males	Archaic first-person singular pronoun.
chin	ちん	朕	I		males	Used only by the emperor, mostly before World War II.
maro	まろ	麻呂, 麿	I		males	Used as a universal first-person pronoun in ancient times. Today, it is used in fictional settings to represent Court noble male characters.
onore	おのれ	己	I or you		males	The word onore, as well as the kanji used to transcribe it, literally means "oneself". It is humble when used as a first person pronoun and hostile (on the level of てめえ temee or てまえ temae) when used as a second person pronoun.
kei	けい	卿	you		males	Second person pronoun, used mostly by males. Used among peers to denote light respect, and by a superior addressing his subjects and retainers in a familiar manner. Like 君 kimi, this can also be used as a honorific (pronounced as きょう kyou), in which case it's equivalent to "lord/lady" or "sir/dame".
nanji	なんじ	汝, less commonly also 爾	you, often translated as "thou"		both	Spelled as なむち namuchi in the most ancient texts and later as なんち nanchi or なんぢ nanji.
onushi	おぬし	御主, お主	you		both	Used by elders and samurai to talk to people of equal or lower rank, as well as by fictional ninja. Literally means "master".
sonata	そなた	其方 (rarely used)	you		both	Originally a mesial deictic pronoun meaning "that side; that way; that direction"; used as a lightly respectful second person pronoun in previous eras, but now used when speaking to an inferior in a pompous and old-fashioned tone.
sochi	そち	其方 (rarely used)	you		both	Similar to そなた sonata. Literally means "that way". (Sochira and kochira, sometimes shortened to sotchi and kotchi, are still sometimes used to mean roughly "you" and "I, we", e.g. kochira koso in response to thanks or an apology means literally "this side is the one" but idiomatically "no, I (or we) thank/apologize to you"; especially common on the telephone, analogous to phrases like "on this end" and "on your end" in English.)