အကူအညီ:IPA

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Here is a basic key to the symbols of the International Phonetic Alphabet. For the smaller set of symbols that is sufficient for English, see Help:IPA for English. Several rare IPA symbols are not included; these are found in the main IPA article. For the Manual of Style guideline for pronunciation, see Wikipedia:Manual of Style (pronunciation).

For each IPA symbol, an English example is given where possible; here "RP" stands for Received Pronunciation. The foreign languages that are used to illustrate additional sounds are primarily the ones most likely to be familiar to English speakers, French, German, and Spanish. For symbols not covered by those, recourse is taken to the populous languages Mandarin Chinese, Hindustani, Arabic, and Russian. For sounds still not covered, other smaller but well-known languages are used, such as Swahili, Turkish, and Zulu.

The left-hand column displays the symbols like this: open front unrounded vowel (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်). Click on the speaker icon to hear the sound; click on the symbol itself for a dedicated article with a more complete description and examples from multiple languages. All the sounds are spoken more than once, and the consonant sounds are spoken once followed by a vowel and once between vowels.

တမ်းပလိတ်:CompactTOC8

Main symbols

The symbols are arranged by similarity to letters of the Latin alphabet. Symbols which do not resemble any Latin letter are placed at the end.

Symbol	Examples	Description
^ top A
Open front unrounded vowel (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)	Mandarin 他 tā, German Mann	For many English speakers, the first part of the ow sound in cow. Found in some dialects of English in cat or father.
Open central unrounded vowel (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)	American English ah, Spanish casa, French patte
Open front unrounded vowel (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)	German Aachen, French gare	Long [a].
Near-open central vowel (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)	RP cut, German Kaiserslautern	(In transcriptions of English, [ɐ] is usually written ⟨ʌ⟩.)
Open back unrounded vowel (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)	Finnish Linna, Dutch bad
Open back unrounded vowel (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)	RP father, French pâte	Long [ɑ].
Nasal vowel (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)	French Caen, sans, temps	Nasalized [ɑ].
Open back rounded vowel (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)	RP cot	Like [ɑ], but with the lips slightly rounded.
Open-mid back unrounded vowel (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)	American English cut	Like [ɔ], but without the lips being rounded. (When ⟨ʌ⟩ is used for English, it may really be [ɐ] or [ɜ].)
Near-open front unrounded vowel (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)	RP cat
^ top B
Voiced bilabial plosive (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)	English babble
Voiced bilabial implosive (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)	Swahili bwana	Like a [b] said with a gulp. See implosive consonants.
Bilabial trill (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)		Like the brrr sound made when cold.
Voiced bilabial fricative (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)	Spanish la Bamba, Kinyarwanda abana "children"	Like [b], but with the lips not quite touching.
^ top C
Voiceless palatal plosive (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)	Turkish kebap "kebab", Czech stín "shadow", Greek και "and"	Between English tune (RP) and cute. Sometimes used instead for [tʃ] in languages like Hindi.
Voiceless palatal fricative (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)	German Ich	More of a y-coloration (more palatal) than [x]. Some English speakers have a similar sound in huge. To produce this sound, try whispering loudly the word "ye" as in "Hear ye!".
Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)	Mandarin Xi'an, Polish ściana	More y-like than [ʃ]; something like English she.
Open-mid back rounded vowel (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)	see under O
^ top D
Voiced alveolar plosive (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)	English dad
Voiced alveolar implosive (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)	Swahili Dodoma	Like [d] said with a gulp.
Voiced retroflex plosive (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)	American English harder	Like [d] with the tongue curled or pulled back.
Voiced dental fricative (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)	English the, bathe
Voiced alveolar affricate (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)¹	English adds, Italian zero
Voiced postalveolar affricate (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)¹	English judge
တမ်းပလိတ်:Error-small¹	English mojtear

Voiced alveolo-palatal affricate (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)¹	Polish niedźwiedź "bear"	Like [dʒ], but with more of a y-sound.
Voiced retroflex affricate (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)¹	Polish dżem "jam"	Like [dʒ] with the tongue curled or pulled back.
^ top E
Close-mid front unrounded vowel (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)	Spanish fe; French clé
Close-mid front unrounded vowel (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)	German Klee	Long [e]. Similar to English hey, before the y sets in.
Mid central vowel (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)	English above, Hindi ठग [ʈʰəɡ] (thug) "thief"	(Only occurs in English when not stressed.)
R-colored vowel#R-colored vowel (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)	American English runner
Open-mid front unrounded vowel (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)	English bet
[ ɛ̃ ]	French Agen, vin, main; Polish mięso	Nasalized [ɛ].
Open-mid central unrounded vowel (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)	RP bird (long)
[ ɝ ]	American English bird
^ top F
Voiceless labiodental fricative (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)	English fun
Voiced palatal plosive (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)	see under J
Voiced palatal implosive (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)	see under J
^ top G
Voiced velar plosive (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)	English gag	(Should look like . No different from a Latin "g")
Voiced velar implosive (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)	Swahili Uganda	Like [ɡ] said with a gulp.
Voiced uvular plosive (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)		Like [ɡ], but further back, in the throat. Found in Persian and some Arabic dialects for /q/, as in Gaddafi.
Voiced postalveolar fricative (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)	see under Z	English beige.
^ top H
Voiceless glottal fricative (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)	American English house
Voiced glottal fricative (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)	English ahead, when said quickly.
[ ʰ ]		The extra puff of air in English top [tʰɒp] compared to stop [stɒp], or to French or Spanish [t].
Voiceless pharyngeal fricative (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)	Arabic محمد Muhammad	Far down in the throat, like [h], but stronger.
တမ်းပလိတ်:Error-small	see under U
[ ɮ ]	see under L
^ top I
Close front unrounded vowel (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)	French ville, Spanish Valladolid
Close front unrounded vowel (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)	English sea	Long [i].
Near-close near-front unrounded vowel (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)	English sit
Close central unrounded vowel (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)	Russian ты "you"	Often used for unstressed English roses.
^ top J
Palatal approximant (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)	English yes, hallelujah, German Junge
[ ʲ ]	Russian Ленин [ˈlʲenʲɪn]	Indicates a sound is more y-like.
Voiced palatal fricative (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)	Spanish cayo (some dialects)	Like [j], but stronger.
Voiced palatal plosive (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)	Turkish gör "see", Czech díra "hole"	Between English dew (RP) and argue. Sometimes used instead for [dʒ] in languages like Hindi.
Voiced palatal implosive (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)	Swahili jambo	Like [ɟ] said with a gulp.
^ top K
Voiceless velar plosive (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)	English kick, skip
^ top L
Alveolar lateral approximant (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)	English leaf
Velarized alveolar lateral approximant (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)	English wool Russian малый [ˈmɑɫɨj] "small"	"Dark" el.
Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)	Welsh llwyd [ɬʊɪd] "grey" Zulu hlala [ɬaːla] "sit"	By touching roof of mouth with tongue and giving a giving a quick breath out. Found in Welsh placenames like Llangollen and Llanelli and Nelson Mandela's Xhosa name Rolihlahla.
Retroflex lateral approximant (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)		Like [l] with the tongue curled or pulled back.
တမ်းပလိတ်:Error-small		A flapped [l], like [l] and [ɾ] said together.
Voiced alveolar lateral fricative (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)	Zulu dla "eat"	Rather like [l] and [ʒ], or [l] and [ð], said together.
^ top M
Bilabial nasal (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)	English mime
Labiodental nasal (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)	English symphony	Like [m], but lips touch teeth as they do in [f].
[ ɯ ]	see under W
Voiceless labio-velar approximant (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)	see under W
^ top N
Alveolar nasal (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)	English nun
Velar nasal (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)	English sing
Palatal nasal (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)	Spanish Peña, French champagne	Rather like English canyon.
Retroflex nasal (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)	Hindi वरुण [ʋəruɳ] Varuna	Like [n] with the tongue curled or pulled back.
Uvular nasal (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)	Castilian Spanish Don Juan [doɴˈχwan]	Like [ŋ], but further back, in the throat.
^ top O
Close-mid back rounded vowel (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)	Spanish no, French eau
Close-mid back rounded vowel (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)	German Boden, French Vosges	Long [o]. Somewhat reminiscent of English no.
Open-mid back rounded vowel (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)	German Oldenburg, French Garonne
Open-mid back rounded vowel (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)	RP law, French Limoges	Long [ɔ].
Nasal vowel (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)	French Lyon, son; Polish wąż	Nasalized [ɔ].
Close-mid front rounded vowel (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)	French feu, bœufs	Like [e], but with the lips rounded like [o].
Close-mid front rounded vowel (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)	German Goethe, French Deûle, neutre	Long [ø].
Close-mid central rounded vowel (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)	Swedish dum	Halfway between [o] and [ø]. Similar to [ʊ] but with the tongue slightly more down and front.
Open-mid front rounded vowel (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)	French bœuf, seul, German Göttingen	Like [ɛ], but with the lips rounded like [ɔ].
Open-mid front rounded vowel (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)	French œuvre, heure	Long [œ].
Nasal vowel (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)	French brun, parfum	Nasalized [œ].
Voiceless dental fricative (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)	see under other
Voiceless bilabial fricative (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)	see under other
^ top P
Voiceless bilabial plosive (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)	English pip
^ top Q
Voiceless uvular plosive (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)	Arabic Qur’ān	Like [k], but further back, in the throat.
^ top R
Alveolar trill (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)	Spanish perro, Scots borrow	"Rolled R". (Generally used for English [ɹ] when there's no need to be precise.)
Alveolar tap (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)	Spanish pero, Tagalog daliri, Malay kabar, American English kitty/kiddie	"Flapped R".
Uvular trill (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)		A trill in the back of the throat. Found for /r/ in some conservative registers of French.
Retroflex flap (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)	Hindi साड़ी [sɑːɽiː] "sari"	Like flapped [ɾ], but with the tongue curled back.
Alveolar approximant (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)	RP borrow
Retroflex approximant (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)	American English borrow, butter	Like [ɹ], but with the tongue curled or pulled back, as pronounced by many English speakers.
Voiced uvular fricative (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)	French Paris, German Riemann	Said back in the throat, but not trilled.
^ top S
Voiceless alveolar fricative (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)	English sass
Voiceless postalveolar fricative (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)	English shoe
Sj-sound (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)	Swedish sju
Voiceless retroflex fricative (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)	Mandarin 少林 (Shàolín), Russian Пушкин (Pushkin)	Acoustically similar to [ʃ], but with the tongue curled or pulled back.
^ top T
Voiceless alveolar plosive (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)	English tot, stop
Voiceless retroflex plosive (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)	Hindi ठग [ʈʰəɡ] (thug) "thief"	Like [t], but with the tongue curled or pulled back.
Voiceless alveolar affricate (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)²	English cats, Russian царь tsar
Voiceless postalveolar affricate (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်) ²	English church
Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)²	Mandarin 北京 Beijing (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်), Polish ciebie "you"	Like [tʃ], but with more of a y-sound.
Voiceless retroflex affricate (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)²	Mandarin zh, Polish czas	Like [tʃ] with the tongue curled or pulled back.
^ top U
Close back rounded vowel (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)	French vous "you"
Close back rounded vowel (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)	French Rocquencourt, German Schumacher, close to RP food	Long [u].
Near-close near-back vowel (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)	English foot, German Bundesrepublik
Close central rounded vowel (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)	Australian English food (long)	Like [ɨ], but with the lips rounded as for [u].
တမ်းပလိတ်:Error-small	French lui	Like [j] and [w] said together.
Close back unrounded vowel (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)	see under W
^ top V
Voiced labiodental fricative (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)	English verve
Labiodental approximant (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)	Hindi वरुण [ʋəruɳə] "Varuna"	Between [v] and [w]. Used by some Germans and Russians for v/w, and by some speakers of British English for r.
Voiced velar fricative (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)	Arabic / Swahili ghali "expensive", Spanish suegro	Sounds rather like French [ʁ] or between [ɡ] and [h].
Close-mid back unrounded vowel (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)	Mandarin Hénán	Like [o] but without the lips rounded, something like a cross of [ʊ] and [ʌ].
[ ʌ ]	see under A
^ top W
Voiced labial-velar approximant (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)	English wow
[ ʷ ]	English rain [ɹʷeɪn]	Indicates a sound has lip rounding, quick.
Voiceless labio-velar approximant (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)	what (some dialects)	like [h] and [w] said together
Close back unrounded vowel (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)	Turkish kayık "caïque"	Like [u], but with the lips flat; something like [ʊ].
Velar approximant (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)	Spanish agua
^ top X
Voiceless velar fricative (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)	Scottish English loch, German Bach, Russian хороший [xɐˈroʂɨj] "good", Spanish joven	between [k] and [h]
Voiceless uvular fricative (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)	northern Standard Dutch Scheveningen, Castilian Spanish Don Juan [doɴˈχwan]	Like [x], but further back , in the throat. Some German and Arabic speakers have [χ] for [x].
^ top Y
Close front rounded vowel (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)	French rue	Like [i], but with the lips rounded as for [u].
Close front rounded vowel (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)	German Bülow, French sûr	Long [y].
Near-close near-front rounded vowel (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)	German Eisenhüttenstadt	Like [ɪ], but with the lips rounded as for [ʊ].
Palatal lateral approximant (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)	Italian tagliatelle	Like [l], but more y-like. Rather like English volume.
တမ်းပလိတ်:Error-small	see under U
Close-mid back unrounded vowel (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)	see under V
[ ɣ ]	see under V
^ top Z
Voiced alveolar fricative (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)	English zoos
Voiced postalveolar fricative (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)	English vision, French journal
Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)	formal Russian жжёшь [ʑːoʂ] "you burn", Polish źle	More y-like than [ʒ], something like beigey.
Voiced retroflex fricative (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)	Mandarin 人民日报 Rénmín Rìbào "People's Daily", Russian жир "fat"	Like [ʒ] with the tongue curled or pulled back.
[ ɮ ]	see under L
^ top Other
Voiceless dental fricative (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)	English thigh, bath
Voiceless bilabial fricative (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)	Japanese 富士 [ɸɯdʑi] Fuji, Māori [ˌɸaːɾeːˈnuiː] wharenui	Like [p], but with the lips not quite touching
Glottal stop (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)	English uh-oh, Hawai‘i, German die Angst	The 'glottal stop', a catch in the breath. For some people, found in button [ˈbʌʔn̩], or between vowels across words: Deus ex machina [ˌdeɪəsˌʔɛksˈmɑːkɨnə]; in some nonstandard dialects, in a apple [ʌˈʔæpl̩].
တမ်းပလိတ်:Error-small	Arabic عربي ^carabī "Arabic"	A light sound deep in the throat.
Dental click (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)	English tsk-tsk! or tut-tut!, Zulu icici "earring"	(The English click used for disapproval.) Several distinct sounds, written as digraphs, including [ kǀ ], [ ɡǀ ], [ ŋǀ ]. The Zimbabwean MP Ncube has this click in his name, as did Cetshwayo.
Alveolar lateral click (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)	English tchick! tchick!, Zulu ixoxo "frog"	(The English click used to urge on a horse.) Several distinct sounds, written as digraphs, including [ kǁ ], [ ɡǁ ], [ ŋǁ ]. Found in the name of the Xhosa.
Postalveolar click (ကူညီ·ချက်လက်)	Zulu iqaqa "polecat"	(The English click used to imitate the trotting of a horse.) A hollow popping sound, like a cork pulled from a bottle. Several distinct sounds, written as digraphs, including [ kǃ ], [ ɡǃ ], [ ŋǃ ].

^1 ^2 These symbols are officially written with a tie linking them (e.g. t͡ʃ), and are also sometimes written as single characters (e.g. ʧ) though the latter convention is no longer official. They are written without ligatures here to ensure correct display in all browsers.

Diacritic marks

All diacritics are here shown on a carrier letter such as the vowel a.

Symbol	Example	Description
[ ˈa ]	pronunciation [pɹ̥əʊ̯ˌnɐnsiˈeɪʃn̩]	Main stress. The mark denotes the stress of the following syllable.
[ ˌa ]	pronunciation [pɹ̥əʊ̯ˌnɐnsiˈeɪʃn̩]	Weaker stress. The mark denotes the stress of the following syllable.
[ aː ]	English shh! [ʃː]	Long. Often used with English vowels or diphthongs: Mayo /ˈmeːoː/ for [ˈmeɪ̯ɜʊ̯], etc.
[ aˑ ]	RP caught [ˈkʰɔˑt]	Semi-long. (Although the vowel is different, this is also longer than cot [ˈkʰɒt].)
[ a̯ ]	English cow [kʰaʊ̯], koi [kʰɔɪ̯]	This vowel does not form a syllable of its own, but runs into the vowel next to it. (In English, the diacritic is generally left off: [kaʊ].)
[ ã ]	French vin blanc [vãblɑ̃] "white wine"	A nasal vowel, as with a Texas twang.
[ n̥ ]		Sounds like a loud whisper; [n̥] is like a whispered breath through the nose. [l̥] is found in Tibetan Lhasa.
[ n̩ ]	English button	A consonant without a vowel. (English [n̩] is often transcribed /ən/.)
[ d̪ ]	Spanish dos, French deux	The tongue touches the teeth more than it does in English.
[ kʰ ]	English come	Aspirated consonant, pronounced with a puff of air. Similarly [tʰ pʰ tsʰ tʃʰ tɕʰ].
[ k’ ]	Zulu ukuza "come"	Like a popped [k], pushed from the throat. Similarly [tʼ pʼ qʼ tʃʼ tsʼ tɬʼ].
[ á ]	Mandarin 妈妈 [mámā] "mother"	High tone (Pinyin: mā)	Careful! The Pinyin Romanization used for Mandarin has these same diacritics, but with different values. However, Thai Romanization uses them the way the IPA does.
[ ā ]	Mandarin 妈妈 [mámā] "mother"	Mid tone (Pinyin: ma).
[ à ]	Mandarin 马的 [màdɤ] "horse's"	Low tone (Pinyin: mǎ).
[ â ]	Mandarin 骂 [mâ] "scold"	Falling tone (Pinyin: mà).
[ ǎ ]	Mandarin 麻 [mǎ] "hemp"	Rising tone (Pinyin: má).
[ . ]	English courtship [ˈkɔrt.ʃɪp]	Syllable break. (this is often redundant and therefore left off)

Brackets

Two types of brackets are commonly used to enclose transcriptions in the IPA:

/Slashes/ indicate those meaningful sounds that are distinguished as the basic sounds of a language by native speakers; these are called phonemes. Changing the symbols between slashes would either change the identity of the word or produce nonsense. For example, since there is no meaningful difference to a native speaker between the two sounds written with the letter el in the word lulls, they are considered the same phoneme and so, using slashes, they are given the same symbol in IPA: /ˈlʌlz/. Similarly, Spanish la bomba is transcribed phonemically with two instances of the same b sound, /laˈbomba/, despite the fact that they sound different to a speaker of English. Thus a reader who is not familiar with the language in question might not know how to interpret these transcriptions more narrowly.
[Square brackets] indicate the narrower or more detailed phonetic qualities of a pronunciation, not taking into account the norms of the language to which it belongs; therefore, such transcriptions do not regard whether subtly different sounds in the pronunciation are actually noticeable or distinguishable to a native speaker of the language. Within square brackets is what a foreigner who does not know the structure of a language might hear as discrete units of sound. For instance, the English word lulls may be pronounced in a particular dialect more specifically as [ˈlɐɫz], with different letter el sounds at the beginning and end. This may be obvious to speakers of other languages that differentiate between the sounds [l] and [ɫ]. Likewise, Spanish la bomba (pronounced without a pause) has two different b-sounds to the ears of foreigners or linguists—[laˈβomba]—though a native Spanish speaker might not be able to hear it. Omitting or adding such detail does not make a difference to the identity of the word, but helps to give a more precise pronunciation.

A third kind of bracket is occasionally seen:

Either //double slashes// or |pipes| (or occasionally other conventions) show that the enclosed sounds are theoretical constructs that are not actually heard. (This is part of morphophonology.) For instance, most phonologists argue that the -s at the ends of verbs, which surfaces as either /s/ in talks /tɔːks/ or as /z/ in lulls /lʌlz/, has a single underlying form. If they decide this form is an s, they would write it //s// (or |s|) to claim that phonemic /tɔːks/ and /lʌlz/ are essentially //tɔːks// and //lʌls// underneath. If they were to decide it was essentially the latter, //z//, they would transcribe these words //tɔːkz// and //lʌlz//.

Lastly,

⟨Angle brackets⟩ are used to set off orthography, as well as transliteration from non-Latin scripts. Thus ⟨lulls⟩, ⟨la bomba⟩, the letter ⟨a⟩. Angle brackets are not supported by all fonts, so a template {{angle bracket}} (shortcut {{angbr}}) is used to ensure maximal compatibility. (Comment there if you're having problems.)

Rendering issues

Voiced velar plosive

These two characters should look similar:

ɡ

If in the box to the left you see the symbol rather than a lower-case open-tail g, you may be experiencing a well-known bug in the font MS Reference Sans Serif; switching to another font may fix it.

On your current font: [ɡ],

and in several other fonts:

တမ်းပလိတ်:MFSample

Affricates and double articulation

The tie bar is intended to cover both letters of an affricate or doubly articulated consonant. However, if your browser uses Arial Unicode MS to display IPA characters, the following incorrectly formed sequences may look better than the correct order (letter, tie bar, letter) due to a bug in that font:

ts͡, tʃ͡, tɕ͡, dz͡, dʒ͡, dʑ͡, tɬ͡, kp͡, ɡb͡, ŋm͡.

Here is how the proper configuration displays in your default IPA font:

t͡s, d͡z, t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ, t͡ɕ, d͡ʑ, t͡ɬ, k͡p, ɡ͡b, ŋ͡m,

and in several other fonts: တမ်းပလိတ်:MFSample

Angle brackets

True angle brackets, ⟨ ⟩, are unsupported by several common fonts. Here is how they display in your default settings:

⟨...⟩ (unformatted)

⟨...⟩ (default IPA font)

⟨...⟩ (default Unicode font),

and in several specific fonts: