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၂၂:၃၇၊ ၂၅ မေ ၂၀၁၅ ရက်နေ့က မူ

Proton 8K82K

Launch of a Proton rocket
လုပ်ငန်းဆောင်တာ Unmanned launch vehicle
ထုတ်လုပ်သူ Khrunichev
မူလနိုင်ငံ Soviet Union; Russia
အရွယ်အစား
အမြင့် ၅၃ မီတာ (၁၇၄ ပေ)
အချင်း ၇.၄ မီတာ (၂၄ ပေ)
ထုထည် ၆၉၃.၈၁ မက်ထရစ်တန် (၁,၅၂၉,၆၀၀ ပေါင်) (3 stage)
အဆင့်များ 3 or 4
ဝင်ဆံ့မှု
ကမ္ဘာပတ်လမ်းနိမ့်သို့ ကုန်တင်ဝန် ၂၀.၇ မက်ထရစ်တန် (၄၆,၀၀၀ ပေါင်)
GTO
သို့ ကုန်တင်ဝန်
၅ မက်ထရစ်တန် (၁၁,၀၀၀ ပေါင်)
ပစ်လွှတ်မှုသမိုင်း
အခြေနေ Active
ပစ်လွှတ်နေရာ Baikonur, LC-200 & LC-81
ပစ်လွှတ်မှုစုစုပေါင်း 382
အောင်မြင်မှုများ 339
ကျရှုံးမှုများ 43
ပထမဆုံး ပျံသန်းခြင်း Proton: 16 July 1965
Proton-K: 10 March 1967
Proton-M: 7 April 2001
နောက်ဆုံး ပျံသန်းမှု Proton: 6 July 1966
Proton-K: 30 March 2012
ထင်ရှားအရေးပါသောကုန်တင်ဝန်များ Salyut 6 & Salyut 7
Mir & ISS components
ViaSat-1
ပထမအဆင့်
အင်ဂျင် 6 RD-275
သရက် 10.47 MN (1.9 million pounds)
လောင်ကျွမ်းချိန် 2' 6"
လောင်စာ N2O4/UDMH
ဒုတိယအဆင့်
အင်ဂျင် 3 RD-0210 & 1 RD-0211
သရက် ၂.၃၉၉ MN (၅၃၉,၀၀၀ lbf)[၁]
လောင်ကျွမ်းချိန် 3' 28"
လောင်စာ N2O4/UDMH
တတိယအဆင့်
အင်ဂျင် 1 RD-0212
သရက် ၆၃၀ kN (၁၄၀,၀၀၀ lbf)
လောင်ကျွမ်းချိန်
လောင်စာ N2O4/UDMH
စတုတ္ထအဆင့် - Block-D/DM
အင်ဂျင် RD-58M
သရက် ၈၃.၄ kN (၁၈,၇၀၀ lbf)
လောင်ကျွမ်းချိန်
လောင်စာ LOX/RP-1

Proton (Прото́н) (formal designation: UR-500) is an expendable launch system used for both commercial and Russian government space launches. The first Proton rocket was launched in 1965 and the launch system is still in use as of 2012, which makes it one of the most successful heavy boosters in the history of spaceflight. All Protons are built at the Khrunichev plant in Moscow, and then transported for launch to the Baikonur Cosmodrome, where they are brought to the launch pad horizontally and then raised into vertical position for launch.[၂][၃]

Proton-M awaits launch

Like many Soviet boosters, the names of recurring payloads became associated with their launchers. Thus the moniker "Proton" originates from a series of large scientific Proton satellites, which were among the rocket's first payloads. It is also known as the D-1/D-1e or SL-12/SL-13.

Launch capacity to low Earth orbit is about ၂၂ tonne (၄၉,၀၀၀ ပေါင်). Geostationary transfer capacity is about ၅–၆ tonne (၁၁,၀၀၀–၁၃,၀၀၀ ပေါင်). Commercial launches are marketed by International Launch Services (ILS). In a typical launch of a commercial communications satellite destined for geostationary orbit, a Proton M/Briz-M can place a spacecraft with mass at separation of ၄,၁၄၀ ကီလိုဂရမ် (၉,၁၃၀ ပေါင်) into an orbit with an apogee of ၃၅,၇၈၆ ကီလိုမီတာ (၂၂,၂၃၆ မိုင်), a perigee of ၆,၂၅၇ ကီလိုမီတာ (၃,၈၈၈ မိုင်) and an inclination of 19.7°.[၄]

History

Proton[၅] initially started life as a "super ICBM." It was designed to launch a 100-megaton (or larger) nuclear warhead over a distance of 13,000 km. It was hugely oversized for an ICBM, and was never deployed in such a capacity. It was eventually utilized as a space launch vehicle. It was the brainchild of Vladimir Chelomei's design bureau as a foil to Sergei Korolev's N1 booster with the specific intent of sending a two-man Zond craft around the Moon. With the termination of the Saturn V program, Proton became the largest expendable launch system in service until the Energia rocket first flew in 1987 and the U.S. Titan IV in 1989.

Between the 1965 first flight and 1970, the Proton experienced dozens of failures. However, once perfected it became one of the most reliable heavy launch vehicles. With a total of about 335 launches, it has an 88% success rate.

Proton launched the unmanned Soviet circumlunar flights, and was intended to have launched the first Soviet circumlunar spaceflights, before the United States flew the Apollo 8 mission. Proton launched the Salyut space stations, the Mir core segment and expansion modules, and both the Zarya and Zvezda modules of the ISS. It also launched many probes to the Moon, Mars, Venus, and even Halley's Comet (using the 4-stage D-1e version).

Proton also launches commercial satellites, most of them being managed by International Launch Services. The first ILS Proton launch was on 9 April 1996 with the launch of the SES Astra 1F communications satellite.[၆]

Since 1994, Proton has earned $4.3 billion for the Russian space industry, and by 2011 this figure is expected to rise to $6 billion.[၇]

Proton 8K82K

အကျယ်တဝင့် ဖော်ပြထားသောဆောင်းပါး - Proton-K

The (GRAU index) 8K82K version is now usually called "Proton K". It is fuelled by unsymmetrical dimethyl hydrazine and nitrogen tetroxide.[၈] These are hypergolic fuels which burn on contact, avoiding the need for an ignition system, and can be stored at ambient temperatures. This avoids the need for components that are tolerant of low temperatures, and allows the rocket to sit on the pad indefinitely (other launchers with such capability include the U.S. Titan II, Titan III, and Titan IV, the Chinese Long March 2 rocket family and Long March 4 rocket family, the Soviet/Ukrainian Tsyklon launchers, the Soviet/Russian Kosmos-3 and Kosmos-3M launchers and the European Ariane 1 to Ariane 4 launchers). In contrast, cryogenic fuels need periodic topping-up of propellants as they boil off.

The fourth stage has come in multiple variants, depending on the mission. The simplest, Blok D, was used for interplanetary missions. Blok D had no guidance module, depending on the probe to control flight. Three different Blok DM versions (DM, DM2, and DM-2M) were for high Earth orbits. (Low-Earth orbits often skipped a fourth stage entirely, hence the third stage's self-contained guidance capability.) The Blok D/DM were unusual in that the fuel was stored in a toroidal tank, around the engine and behind the oxidizer tank.

Proton-M

အကျယ်တဝင့် ဖော်ပြထားသောဆောင်းပါး - Proton-M

The latest version is the Proton M, which can launch ၃–၃.၂ tonne (၆,၆၀၀–၇,၁၀၀ ပေါင်) into geostationary orbit or ၅.၅ tonne (၁၂,၀၀၀ ပေါင်) into a geostationary transfer orbit. It can place up to ၂၂ tonne (၄၉,၀၀၀ ပေါင်) in low Earth orbit with a 51.6-degree inclination, the orbit of the International Space Station (ISS).

Proton-M, part rotated to the vertical. In the background the mobile service tower can be observed

The Proton M's improvements include modifications to the lower stages to reduce structural mass, increase thrust, and fully utilize propellants. Generally a Briz-M (ရုရှား: Бриз meaning Breeze) storable propellant upper stage is used instead of the Block D or Block DM stage, eliminating the need for multiple fuel supplies and oxygen top-off due to boiling; however, the Proton-M has also flown with a Block-DM upper stage. Efforts were also made to reduce dependency on foreign (usually Ukrainian) component suppliers.

Proton launch vehicles and Briz-M Upper Stages are designed and built by Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center (Khrunichev) in Moscow, the majority owner of International Launch Services (ILS). The Center is home to all engineering, assembly and test functions of the Proton production. And now, with the recent consolidation of the Russian space enterprises, Khrunichev has direct oversight and control of up to 70% of all Proton manufacturing from suppliers to manufacturers. The consolidation directly supports Khrunichev’s ongoing efforts for vertical integration of Proton production.[၉]

The most recent enhanced Proton, the Phase III Proton-M/Briz-M launch vehicle, was flight proven on the Russian Federal dual mission of Express AM-44 and Express MD-1 in February 2009 and performed its first commercial launch in March 2010 with the Echostar XIV satellite. The Proton-M/Briz-M phase III configuration is the current standard configuration for ILS Proton. This configuration provides 6150 kg of GTO performance, which is an increase of 1150 kg over the original Proton-M Briz-M, while maintaining the fundamental design configuration.

Khrunichev has initiated development of a set of phase IV enhancements in order to keep pace with market demands and the mass growth trends of commercial satellites. The implementation of Phase IV Proton Briz-M enhancements will be completed in 2013. The Payloads Systems Mass performance for phase IV has been increased to 6300 kg to a reference GTO orbit with 1500 m/s of residual delta V to GSO.[၁၀]

In August 2012, the Russian Federal Space Agency lost both a Russian and Indonesian communications satellite in an attempt to bring them in orbit using a Proton-M rocket. The satellites didn't make it into orbit due to technical difficulties with the last stage of the Proton-M.[၁၁]

Launches

အကျယ်တဝင့် ဖော်ပြထားသောဆောင်းပါး - List of Proton launches

Future developments

Significant upgrades were temporarily put on hold following announcement of the new Angara launch vehicle. The single largest upgrade was the KVRB stage. This cryogenic stage would have greatly increased capacity. The engine was developed successfully, and the stage as a whole had progressed to hardware. However, as KVRB is noticeably larger than Blok D, the vehicle's aerodynamics, flight control, software, and possibly electronics would have to be reevaluated. In addition, the launch pad can supply existing Protons with common hypergol fuels from single sources. The upper stages, in particular, are fed by common loading pipes running along the rocket. Switching to a stage with different fuels requires the addition of extra support articles; switching to cryogens requires that such support articles top off the stage periodically.

Heavy variants of Angara will be simpler and cheaper than Proton (and like the new Atlas V rocket, will not use hypergolics; instead, it will use the same RP-1 fuel as that used on the Soyuz rocket). They will also be designed from the start to accept a KVRB stage, and will already have a LOX supply at the pad; only a hydrogen supply will be called upon. However, delays in Angara development mean that Protons will continue to fly for some time.

Frank McKenna, CEO of ILS, has indicated that in 2010 the Phase III Proton design would become the standard ILS configuration, with the ability to lift 6.15 metric tons to GTO.[၁၂]

See also

Similar launch systems

References

  1. Proton 8K82K
  2. Proton Mission Planner's Guide။ International Launch Services။
  3. Proton Verticalization, Pad 39, Baikonur။ flickr (September 5, 2005)။
  4. "ILS Proton to Launch AMC-14 Satellite" (သတင်းထုတ်ပြန်ချက်)။ ILS။ March 7, 2008။
  5. Proton Heritage။ International Launch Services။
  6. http://www.ilslaunch.com/mission-control/proton-launch-archives
  7. Statement by Vladimir Ye.Nesterov, Khrunichev Director-General, at Press Conference on 15 July 2010 Khruhichev 2010-07-29.
  8. http://www.ilslaunch.com/launch-services/ils-proton-breeze-m-launch-vehicle
  9. http://www.ilslaunch.com/sites/default/files/pdf/ILS%20Proton%20Brochure.pdf
  10. http://www.ilslaunch.com/launch-services/ils-proton-breeze-m-launch-vehicle/proton-heritage
  11. http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/world_now/2012/08/russia-suffers-another-embarrassing-failure-in-space-.html
  12. Murphy၊ Ronan (December 2009)။ ILS Reaps Reward of Khrunichev Takeover (PDF) 28–31။ Satellite Finance။

External links

တမ်းပလိတ်:Universal Rocket တမ်းပလိတ်:Russian launch vehicles တမ်းပလိတ်:Expendable launch systems