ဝီကီပီးဒီးယား:IPA for English
 | ဤစီမံကိန်း စာမျက်နှာကို အင်္ဂလိပ် ဝီကီပီးဒီးယား ရှိ Help:IPA for English အား တစ်စိတ်တစ်ပိုင်းဖြစ်စေ၊ အလုံးစုံဖြစ်စေ မှီငြမ်း၍ မြန်မာဘာသာသို့ ပြန်ဆိုရန် လိုအပ်နေသေးသည်။
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ဤစာမျက်နှာသည် အင်္ဂလိပ်ဘာသာတွင် စကားလုံးများ အသံထွက်ပုံ အကြောင်း ဖြစ်သည်။ အင်္ဂလိပ်ဘာသာတွင် မတွေ့ရသော အသံများ အတွက် အကူအညီ:IPA ကို ကြည့်ပါ။ အိုင်ပီအေ (IPA) အခြေခံမိတ်ဆက် အတွက် en:Help:IPA/Introduction ကို ကြည့်ပါ။
ဝီကီပီးဒီးယား တစ်လျှောက်လုံးတွင် စကားလုံးများ၏ အသံထွက်ကို အပြည်ပြည်ဆိုင်ရာ အသံထွက် အက္ခရာစနစ် သို့မဟုတ် အိုင်ပီအေ (IPA) ဖြင့် ဖော်ပြသည်။ အောက်ပါဇယားများသည် အင်္ဂလိပ်စကားလုံးများနှင့် ၎င်းတို့၏ အသံထွက်များအတွက် အသုံးပြုသော အိုင်ပီအေ (IPA) သင်္ကေတများကို စာရင်းပြု တင်ပြထားသည်။ အချို့သော အိုင်ပီအေ (IPA) သင်္ကေတများကို သုံးနှုန်းပုံသည် ဝီကီပီးဒီးယား သီးသန့်လိုအပ်ချက်အတွက် အဓိကဦးတည် အသုံးပြုထားသဖြင့် အဘိဓာန်များတွင် အသုံးပြုပုံနှင့် ကွဲပြားခြားနားနေနိုင်သည်ကို သတိပြုပါ။
သင်၏ ဘရောက်ဇာ(browser)မှ IPA သင်္ကေတများကို မှန်မှန်ကန်ကန်မပြလျှင်၊ အောက်ပါ လင့်ခ်များကိုကြည့်ပါ။
အကယ်၍ သင်သည် ဝီကီဆောင်းပါးများတွင် ဤအိုင်ပီအေ (IPA) သင်္ကေတများကို အသုံးပြု၍ အသံထွက်ကိုထည့်လျှင်၊ {{IPAc-en}} တမ်းပလိတ်ကို အသုံးပြုပါ။ အဆိုပါ တမ်းပလိတ်တွင် မောက်စ်ညွှန်တံ သို့မဟုတ် အခြားညွှန်တံများဖြင့် အသံထွက်ရှိ အမှတ်အသားတစ်ခုစီအပေါ် ထိလိုက်သည့်အခါ အသံထွက်အတွက် လမ်းညွှန်ချက်များကို ပေးနိုင်သည်။ တမ်းပလိတ်စာမျက်နှာတွင် ၎င်းကို မည်သို့အသုံးပြုနိုင်သည်ကို ရှင်းလင်းပြသော ညွှန်ကြားချက်များကို သွားကြည့်နိုင်သည်။
Key
[ပြင်ဆင်ရန်]If the words illustrating two symbols sound the same to you (say, if you pronounce cot and caught the same, or do and dew, or marry and merry), you can ignore the difference between those symbols. Footnotes explain some of these mergers. (See also #Dialect variation below.)
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Notes
- The IPA stress mark (ˈ) comes before the syllable that has the stress, in contrast to stress marking in pronunciation keys of some dictionaries published in the United States.
- Words in SMALL CAPITALS are the standard lexical sets. Words in the lexical sets BATH and CLOTH are given two transcriptions, respectively one with /ɑː/ and one with /æ/, and with /ɒ/ and /ɔː/.
Dialect variation
[ပြင်ဆင်ရန်]အကျယ်တဝင့် ဖော်ပြထားသောဆောင်းပါး - International Phonetic Alphabet chart for English dialects
This key represents diaphonemes, abstractions of speech sounds that accommodate General American, Received Pronunciation, Canadian English, South African, Australian, and New Zealand pronunciations. Therefore, not all of the distinctions shown here are relevant to a particular dialect:
- If, for example, you pronounce cot /ˈkɒt/ and caught /ˈkɔːt/ the same, then you may simply ignore the difference between the symbols /ɒ/ and /ɔː/, just as you ignore the distinction between the written vowels o and au when pronouncing them.
- In many dialects, /r/ occurs only before a vowel; if you speak such a dialect, simply ignore /r/ in the pronunciation guides where you would not pronounce it, as in cart /ˈkɑrt/.
- In other dialects, /j/ (yes) cannot occur after /t, d, n/, etc., within the same syllable; if you speak such a dialect, then ignore the /j/ in transcriptions such as new /njuː/. For example, New York is transcribed /njuː ˈjɔrk/. For most people from England and for some New Yorkers, the /r/ in /ˈjɔrk/ is not pronounced; for most people from the United States, including some New Yorkers, the /j/ in /njuː/ is not pronounced and may be ignored.
On the other hand, there are some distinctions which you might make but which this key does not encode, as they are seldom reflected in the dictionaries used as sources for Wikipedia articles:
- The difference between the vowels of fir, fur and fern, maintained in Scottish and Irish English but lost elsewhere.
- The difference between the vowels of "pain" and "pane" found in some English, Welsh, and Newfoundland dialects.
- The vowels of bad and had, distinguished in many parts of Australia and the Eastern United States.
- The vowels of spider and spied her, distinguished in Scotland and some parts of and North America.
Other words may have different vowels depending on the speaker. Bath, for example, originally had the /æ/ vowel (as in cat), but for many speakers, it now has the /ɑː/ vowel (as in father). Such words are transcribed twice, once for each pronunciation: /ˈbæθ, ˈbɑːθ/.
The pronunciation of the /æ/ vowel in Scotland, Wales and northern England has always been closer to [a] , even amongst educated speakers. BBC English is moving away from the older RP [æ]
towards the more open vowel [a]
, and the Oxford English Dictionary transcribes the "lad", "bad", "cat", "trap" vowel as /a/ in its updated entries.
For more extensive information on dialect variations, you may wish to see the IPA chart for English dialects.
Other transcriptions
[ပြင်ဆင်ရန်]If you feel it is necessary to add a pronunciation respelling using another convention, then please use the conventions of Wikipedia's pronunciation respelling key.
- To compare the following IPA symbols with non-IPA American dictionary conventions that may be more familiar, see pronunciation respelling for English, which lists the pronunciation guides of fourteen English dictionaries published in the United States.
- To compare the following IPA symbols with other IPA conventions that may be more familiar, see Help:IPA conventions for English, which lists the conventions of eight English dictionaries published in Britain, Australia, and the United States.
See also
[ပြင်ဆင်ရန်]- If your browser does not display IPA symbols, you probably need to install a font that includes the IPA. Good free IPA fonts include Gentium and Charis SIL (more complete); a monospaced font is Everson Mono which is complete; download links can be found on those pages.
- For a guide to adding pronunciations to Wikipedia articles, see the {{IPA}} template.
- For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation#Entering IPA characters.
- Wikipedia:Pronunciation respelling key
Notes
[ပြင်ဆင်ရန်]- ↑ If the two characters ⟨ɡ⟩ and ⟨
⟩ do not match and if the first looks like a ⟨γ⟩, then you have an issue with your default font. See Rendering issues.
- ↑ The IPA value of the letter ⟨j⟩ is counter-intuitive to many English speakers. However, it does occur with this sound in a few English words: Besides hallelujah, there's Jägermeister and jarlsberg cheese.
- ↑ Although the IPA symbol [r] represents a trill, /r/ is widely used instead of /ɹ/ in broad transcriptions of English.
- ↑ The phoneme /hw/ is not distinguished from /w/ in the many dialects with the wine–whine merger, such as RP and most varieties of GenAm. For more information on this sound, see voiceless labio-velar approximant.
- ↑ A number of English words, such as genre and garage, are pronounced with either /ʒ/ or /dʒ/.
- ↑ In most dialects, /x/ is replaced by /k/ in most words, including loch. Where the sound begins a word, such as Chanukah, it is sometimes replaced with /h/. In ugh, however, it is often replaced by /ɡ/ (a spelling pronunciation).
- ↑ In non-rhotic accents like RP, /r/ is not pronounced unless followed by a vowel. In some Wikipedia articles, /ɪər/ etc. may not be distinguished from /ɪr/ etc. These should be fixed to correspond with the chart here.
- ↑ /ɒ/ is not distinguished from /ɑː/ in dialects with the father–bother merger such as GenAm.
- ↑ In some regions, what would normally be [æŋ] is pronounced as [eŋ] or [eɪŋ], so that the "a" in "rang" is closer to the "ai" in "rain" than the "a" in "rag"
- ↑ Pronounced the same as /ɛr/ in accents with the Mary–marry–merry merger.
- ↑ Many speakers, for example in most of Canada and much of the United States, have a different vowel in price and ride. Generally, an [aɪ] is used at the ends of words and before voiced sounds, as in ride, file, fine, pie, while an [ʌɪ] is used before voiceless sounds, as in price and write. Because /t/ and /d/ are often conflated in the middle of words in these dialects, derivatives of these words, such as rider and writer, may be distinguished only by their vowel: [ˈɹʷaɪɾəɹ], [ˈɹʷʌɪɾəɹ]. However, even though the value of /aɪ/ is not predictable in some words, such as spider [ˈspʌɪɾəɹ],[ကိုးကားချက်လိုသည်] dictionaries do not generally record it, so it has not been allocated a separate transcription here.
- ↑ ၁၂.၀ ၁၂.၁ ၁၂.၂ ၁၂.၃ ၁၂.၄ Some speakers pronounce higher, flower, lawyer, and mayor with two syllables, and hire, flour, loir, and mare with one. Others pronounce them the same.
- ↑ ၁၃.၀ ၁၃.၁ Transcribed as /e/ by many dictionaries.[၁]
- ↑ Pronounced the same as /ɛr/ in accents with the Mary–marry–merry merger. Often transcribed as /eə/ by British dictionaries and as /er/ by American ones. The OED uses /ɛː/ for BrE and /ɛ(ə)r/ for AmE.[၂]
- ↑ Same as /ɪr/ in accents with the mirror–nearer merger.
- ↑ /ɔː/ is not distinguished from /ɒ/ (except before /r/) in dialects with the cot–caught merger such as some varieties of GenAm.
- ↑ ၁၇.၀ ၁၇.၁ ၁၇.၂ /ɔər/ is not distinguished from /ɔr/ in dialects with the horse–hoarse merger, which include most dialects of modern English.
- ↑ ၁၈.၀ ၁၈.၁ ၁၈.၂ /ʊər/ is not distinguished from /ɔr/ in dialects with the pour–poor merger, including many younger speakers.
- ↑ Commonly transcribed /əʊ/ or /oː/.
- ↑ In dialects with yod dropping, /juː/ is pronounced the same as /uː/ after coronal consonants (/t/, /d/, /s/, /z/, /n/, /θ/, and /l/) in the same syllable, so that dew /djuː/ is pronounced the same as do /duː/. In dialects with yod coalescence, /tj/, /dj/, /sj/ and /zj/ are pronounced /tʃ/, /dʒ/, /ʃ/ and /ʒ/, so that the first syllable in Tuesday is pronounced the same as choose.
- ↑ This phoneme is not used in the northern half of England, some bordering parts of Wales, and some broad eastern Ireland accents. These words would take the ʊ vowel: there is no foot–strut split.
- ↑ Pronounced [ə] in Australian and many US dialects, and [ɪ] in Received Pronunciation. Many speakers freely alternate between a reduced [ɪ̈] and a reduced [ə]. Many phoneticians (vd. Olive & Greenwood 1993:322) and the OED use the pseudo-IPA symbol ⟨
ɪ⟩ [၃], and Merriam–Webster uses ⟨ə̇⟩. - ↑ Pronounced [ə] in many dialects, and [ɵw] or [əw] before another vowel, as in cooperate. Sometimes pronounced as a full /oʊ/, especially in careful speech. (Bolinger 1989) Usually transcribed as /ə(ʊ)/ (or similar ways of showing variation between /oʊ/ and /ə/) in British dictionaries.
- ↑ Pronounced [ʊ] in many dialects, [ə] in others. Many speakers freely alternate between a reduced [ʊ̈] and a reduced [ə]. The OED uses the pseudo-IPA symbol ⟨
ʊ⟩ [၄]. - ↑ Pronounced [iː] in dialects with the happy tensing, [ɪ] in other dialects. British convention used to transcribe it with ⟨ɪ⟩, but the OED and other influential dictionaries recently converted to ⟨i⟩.
- ↑ It is arguable that there is no phonemic distinction in English between primary and secondary stress (vd. Ladefoged 1993), but it is conventional to notate them as here.
- ↑ Full vowels following a stressed syllable, such as the ship in battleship, are marked with secondary stress in some dictionaries (Merriam-Webster), but not in others (the OED). Such syllables are not actually stressed.
- ↑ Syllables are indicated sparingly, where necessary to avoid confusion, for example to break up sequences of vowels (moai) or consonant clusters which an English speaker might misread as a digraph (Vancouveria, Windhoek).
Several dictionaries, such as the OED, do not indicate stress for words of one syllable. Thus hire /ˈhaɪər/ is transcribed ⟨haɪə(r)⟩, without a stress mark, contrasting with higher /ˈhaɪ.ər/, which is transcribed ⟨ˈhaɪə(r)⟩, without a syllable mark.
External links
[ပြင်ဆင်ရန်]- Getting JAWS 6.1 to recognize "exotic" Unicode symbols—For help on getting the screen reader JAWS to read IPA symbols
- IPA TTS (text-to-speech) bookmarklet