စစ်စကို: တည်းဖြတ်မှု မူကွဲများ

ဝီကီပီးဒီးယား မှ
No edit summary
No edit summary
စာကြောင်း ၃ - စာကြောင်း ၃ -
== Cisco သမိုင်း ==
== Cisco သမိုင်း ==
[[Image:Ciscosystemsheadquarters.jpg|thumb| San Jose ရှိ Cisco နယ်မြေ မှ အဆောက်အုံများ အတွင်းမှ ​တစ်ခု ]]
[[Image:Ciscosystemsheadquarters.jpg|thumb| San Jose ရှိ Cisco နယ်မြေ မှ အဆောက်အုံများ အတွင်းမှ ​တစ်ခု ]]
[[Stanford University]]ကွန်ပျူတာ ဝန်ထမ်း လုပ်ကိုင်ခဲ့ တဲ့ [[Len Bosack]] နှင်. [[Sandy Lerner]] စုံတွဲ မှာ Richard Troiano ဆိုသူ ​နှင်.ပူးပေါင်းခဲ့ပြီး ၁၉၈၄ တွင် "C isco System '' ကို တည်ထောင်ခဲ့ ပါတယ် . Lerner ဟာ [[Schlumberger]] မှာ ကွန်ပျူတာ ဝန်ထမ်း အဖြစ် ထပ်မံ လုပ်ကိုင်ခဲ့ ပြီး ၁၉၈၇ ခုနှစ်တွင် Cisco သို့ အချိန်ပြည့် ပြောင်းရွှေ့ခဲ့ တယ် ။ "Cisco" အမည် ဟာ "San Francisco" မြို့ အမည် မှရရှိခဲ့တယ်။ ဘာကြောင့်လဲ ဆိုတော့ ကုမ္ပဏီ အင်ဂျင်နီယာများ ဟာ စာလုံးအသေး "cisco" ကို အသုံးပြု နှင်.ပြီးသားဖြစ်နေတယ်။ For Cisco's first product, Bosack adapted multiple-protocol [[router]] software originally written some years before by [[William Yeager]], another Stanford employee who later joined [[Sun Microsystems]]. The company's first CEO was Bill Graves, who held the position from 1987 to 1988.<ref>{{Cite journal | journal = Case Studies In Business Strategy | title = Cisco's Acquisition Strategy | volume = IV | date = January 2004 | url = http://www.icmrindia.org/casestudies/catalogue/Business%20Strategy2/BSTR083.htm | accessdate = 21 December 2009 | id = BSTR083 | publisher = ICMR | pages = 2}}</ref> In 1988, [[John Morgridge]] was appointed CEO, and was succeeded in 1995 by [[John_Chambers_(CEO) | John Chambers]].
[[Stanford University]]ကွန်ပျူတာ ဝန်ထမ်း လုပ်ကိုင်ခဲ့ တဲ့ [[Len Bosack]] နှင်. [[Sandy Lerner]] စုံတွဲ မှာ Richard Troiano ဆိုသူ ​နှင်.ပူးပေါင်းခဲ့ပြီး ၁၉၈၄ တွင် "Cisco System '' ကို တည်ထောင်ခဲ့ ပါတယ် . Lerner ဟာ [[Schlumberger]] မှာ ကွန်ပျူတာ ဝန်ထမ်း အဖြစ် ထပ်မံ လုပ်ကိုင်ခဲ့ ပြီး ၁၉၈၇ ခုနှစ်တွင် Cisco သို့ အချိန်ပြည့် ပြောင်းရွှေ့ခဲ့ တယ် ။ "Cisco" အမည် ဟာ "San Francisco" မြို့ အမည် မှရရှိခဲ့တယ်။ ဘာကြောင့်လဲ ဆိုတော့ ကုမ္ပဏီ အင်ဂျင်နီယာများ ဟာ စာလုံးအသေး "cisco" ကို အသုံးပြု နှင်.ပြီးသားဖြစ်နေတယ်။ Cisco ရဲ့ ပထမဆုံး ထုတ်ကုန် အဖြစ်နဲ့ [[router]] ဟာ, ပြီးခဲ့သော နှစ်အနည်းငယ်က [[William Yeager]] ( Stanford ဝန်ထမ်း နောင်တွင် [[​Sun Microsystems]] ဝန်ထမ်း ဖြစ်ခဲ့) ဆိုသူရဲ့ multiple-protocol [[router]] software ကို Bosack က ပြင်ဆင်ထုတ် ခဲ့တယ်။
The company's first CEO was Bill Graves, who held the position from 1987 to 1988.<ref>{{Cite journal | journal = Case Studies In Business Strategy | title = Cisco's Acquisition Strategy | volume = IV | date = January 2004 | url = http://www.icmrindia.org/casestudies/catalogue/Business%20Strategy2/BSTR083.htm | accessdate = 21 December 2009 | id = BSTR083 | publisher = ICMR | pages = 2}}</ref> In 1988, [[John Morgridge]] was appointed CEO, and was succeeded in 1995 by [[John_Chambers_(CEO) | John Chambers]].


While Cisco was not the first company to develop and sell a router,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pbs.org/cringely/nerdtv/transcripts/013.html |title=I, Cringely . NerdTV . Transcript &#124; PBS |publisher=Pbs.org |date= |accessdate=2008-11-13}}</ref> it was one of the first to sell commercially successful routers supporting multiple network protocols.<ref>{{cite interview|first=Ian |last = Pennell |url=http://newsroom.cisco.com/dlls/2004/hd_061404.html |title=The Evolution of Access Routing |subject=Cisco claim of first multi-protocol router |publisher=Cisco |date=June 14, 2004 |accessdate=2009-01-04}}</ref> As the [[Internet Protocol]] (IP) became widely adopted, the importance of multi-protocol routing declined. Today, Cisco's largest routers are primarily used to deliver IP packets.
While Cisco was not the first company to develop and sell a router,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pbs.org/cringely/nerdtv/transcripts/013.html |title=I, Cringely . NerdTV . Transcript &#124; PBS |publisher=Pbs.org |date= |accessdate=2008-11-13}}</ref> it was one of the first to sell commercially successful routers supporting multiple network protocols.<ref>{{cite interview|first=Ian |last = Pennell |url=http://newsroom.cisco.com/dlls/2004/hd_061404.html |title=The Evolution of Access Routing |subject=Cisco claim of first multi-protocol router |publisher=Cisco |date=June 14, 2004 |accessdate=2009-01-04}}</ref> As the [[Internet Protocol]] (IP) became widely adopted, the importance of multi-protocol routing declined. Today, Cisco's largest routers are primarily used to deliver IP packets.

၀၉:၀၀၊ ၁၂ ဇူလိုင် ၂၀၁၀ ရက်နေ့က မူ

Cisco သည် ကွန်ပျူတာ ကွန်ရက် ချိတ်ဆက် ခြင်းနှင်. ဆက်သွယ်ရေးအသုံးချသိပ္ပံပညာ ကိရိယာများ ထုတ်လုပ်ရောင်းချ​သော အမေရိကန် နိုင်ငံစုံ [ကွန်ပျူတာ]ကွန်ရက် ချိတ်ဆက် ခြင်း [နည်းပညာ] ကော်ပိုရေးရှင်း ဖြစ်ပြီး အမေရိကန်နိုင်ငံ၊ ကယ်လီဖိုးနီးယား ပြည်နယ် တွင် ရုံးချုပ်တည်ရှိသည်။ ၂၀၀၉ နှစ်တွင် Cisco သည် ဝန်ထမ်းအင်အား ၆၅,၀၀၀ ထက် ပို၍ ရှိ ပြီး နှစ်ပတ်လည် အခွန် အမေရိကန်ဒေါ်လာ ၃၆.၁၁ ဘီလီယံ ရှိခဲ့ သည်။ Cisco ထုတ်ကုန်များ ကို ဇွန်လ ၈ ၂၀၀၉ Dow Jones Industrial Average သို့ ​ပေါင်းခဲ့တယ်။

Cisco သမိုင်း

San Jose ရှိ Cisco နယ်မြေ မှ အဆောက်အုံများ အတွင်းမှ ​တစ်ခု

Stanford Universityကွန်ပျူတာ ဝန်ထမ်း လုပ်ကိုင်ခဲ့ တဲ့ Len Bosack နှင်. Sandy Lerner စုံတွဲ မှာ Richard Troiano ဆိုသူ ​နှင်.ပူးပေါင်းခဲ့ပြီး ၁၉၈၄ တွင် "Cisco System ကို တည်ထောင်ခဲ့ ပါတယ် . Lerner ဟာ Schlumberger မှာ ကွန်ပျူတာ ဝန်ထမ်း အဖြစ် ထပ်မံ လုပ်ကိုင်ခဲ့ ပြီး ၁၉၈၇ ခုနှစ်တွင် Cisco သို့ အချိန်ပြည့် ပြောင်းရွှေ့ခဲ့ တယ် ။ "Cisco" အမည် ဟာ "San Francisco" မြို့ အမည် မှရရှိခဲ့တယ်။ ဘာကြောင့်လဲ ဆိုတော့ ကုမ္ပဏီ အင်ဂျင်နီယာများ ဟာ စာလုံးအသေး "cisco" ကို အသုံးပြု နှင်.ပြီးသားဖြစ်နေတယ်။ Cisco ရဲ့ ပထမဆုံး ထုတ်ကုန် အဖြစ်နဲ့ router ဟာ, ပြီးခဲ့သော နှစ်အနည်းငယ်က William Yeager ( Stanford ဝန်ထမ်း နောင်တွင် ​Sun Microsystems ဝန်ထမ်း ဖြစ်ခဲ့) ဆိုသူရဲ့ multiple-protocol router software ကို Bosack က ပြင်ဆင်ထုတ် ခဲ့တယ်။ The company's first CEO was Bill Graves, who held the position from 1987 to 1988.[၁] In 1988, John Morgridge was appointed CEO, and was succeeded in 1995 by John Chambers.

While Cisco was not the first company to develop and sell a router,[၂] it was one of the first to sell commercially successful routers supporting multiple network protocols.[၃] As the Internet Protocol (IP) became widely adopted, the importance of multi-protocol routing declined. Today, Cisco's largest routers are primarily used to deliver IP packets.

In 1990, the company was listed on the Nasdaq stock exchange. Lerner was fired; as a result Bosack quit after receiving $200 million. Most of those profits were given to charities and the two later divorced.

Early Cisco trademark, filed May 20, 1988
Early suspension bridge Cisco logo design, trademarked at the USPTO, and used by Cisco Systems, Inc.

The company filed for a U.S. trademark of "Cisco" on June 13, 1988, and it was granted on June 6, 1989. Related to the original inspiration for the Cisco name was an early registered mark of a suspension bridge that is synonymous with San Francisco's Golden Gate Bridge.[၄] The company's first indicated commercial use of the stylized bridge was May 18, 1986. This classic Cisco image rendition was first used on product packaging and products. In their trademark filing to the United States Patent and Trademark Office, the mark is described as, "stylized two-tower suspension bridge similar to a script letter "U" with lines extending from the "U" to a bottom line in the manner of cables holding up a roadway." The image combines both elements of Cisco's gateway and bridge electrical products that interconnect local area networks and also a representation of the Bay Area's landmark bridge.

Cisco acquired a variety of companies to bring in products and talent into the company. Several acquisitions, such as Stratacom, were the biggest deals in the industry when they occurred. During the Internet boom in 1999, the company acquired Cerent Corporation, a start-up company located in Petaluma, California, for about US$7 billion. It was the most expensive acquisition made by Cisco to date, and only the acquisition of Scientific-Atlanta has been larger. Several acquired companies have grown into $1Bn+ business units for Cisco, including LAN switching, Enterprise Voice over Internet Protocol (VOIP), and home networking. Cisco acquired Linksys in 2003. In 2010, Cisco bought Moto Development Group, a product design consulting firm that helped develop Cisco's Flip video camera.[၅]

In late March 2000, at the height of the dot-com boom, Cisco was the most valuable company in the world, with a market capitalization of more than US$500 billion.[၆][၇] In July 2009, with a market cap of about US$108.03 billion[၈], it is still one of the most valuable companies.[၉] CSCO was voted stock of the decade on NASDAQ, but no one knows when.[ကိုးကားချက်လိုသည်]

The company was a 2002-03 recipient of the Ron Brown Award,[ကိုးကားချက်လိုသည်] a U.S. presidential honor to recognize companies "for the exemplary quality of their relationships with employees and communities".

Notable products and services

Hardware

A Cisco ASM/2-32EM router deployed at CERN in 1987.

Software

VoIP services

Cisco became a major provider of Voice over IP to enterprises, and is now moving into the home user market through its acquisitions of Scientific Atlanta and Linksys. Scientific Atlanta provides VoIP equipment to cable service providers such as Time Warner, Cablevision, Rogers Communications, UPC, and others; Linksys has partnered with companies such as Skype and Yahoo to integrate consumer VoIP services with wireless and cordless phones.

Cisco Career Certifications

အကျယ်တဝင့် ဖော်ပြထားသောဆောင်းပါး - Cisco Career Certifications

Cisco Systems also sponsors a line of IT Professional certifications for Cisco products. There are five levels of certification: Entry, Associate, Professional, Expert, and recently Architect, as well as eight different paths, Routing & Switching, Design, Network Security, Service Provider, the newly introduced Service Provider Operations, Storage Networking, Voice, and Wireless.

Criticisms and controversy

China

Cisco has been criticized for its involvement in censorship in the People's Republic of China.[၁၀] According to author Ethan Gutmann, Cisco and other telecommunications equipment providers supplied the Chinese government with surveillance and Internet infrastructure equipment that is used to block Internet websites and track Chinese on-line activities. Cisco says that it does not customize or develop specialized or unique filtering capabilities to enable governments to block access to information and that it sells the same equipment in China as it sells worldwide.[၁၁]

Wired News had uncovered a leaked, confidential Cisco powerpoint presentation that details the commercial opportunities of the Golden Shield Project of Internet control.[၁၂] In her article, journalist Sarah Stirland accuses Cisco of marketing its technology "specifically as a tool of repression."

Shareholder class action lawsuit against Cisco

On August 18, 2006 Cisco reached a settlement in a long-standing class action lawsuit that originated in 2001. "The original suit, filed April 20, 2001, claimed that the company made misleading statements, or omitted statements of material fact, that were relied on by purchasers of Cisco stock. It also alleged that the individual defendants sold Cisco stock while in possession of material, non-public information. Cisco denied all allegations in the suit."[၁၃] While Cisco denies all wrongdoing in the suit, it agreed to settle with the plaintiffs. Cisco's liability insurers, its directors, and officers paid the plaintiffs US$91.75 million to settle the suit.[၁၄]

Cisco's Brazil Tax Fraud Investigation

On October 16, 2007, the Brazilian Federal Police and Brazilian Receita Federal (equivalent to the American IRS) under the "Persona Operation" uncovered an alleged tax fraud scheme employed by Cisco Systems since 2002 that exempted the company from paying over R$1.5 billion (US$824 million) in taxes.[၁၅][၁၆]

Multiven's Antitrust Lawsuit Against Cisco Systems, Inc.

On December 1, 2008, Multiven filed an antitrust lawsuit[၁၇][၁၈][၁၉][၂၀][၂၁][၂၂][၂၃] against Cisco Systems, Inc. in an effort to open up the network maintenance services marketplace for Cisco equipment, promote competition and ensure consumer choice and value. Multiven’s complaint alleges that Cisco harmed Multiven and consumers by bundling and tying bug fixes/patches and updates for its operating system software to its maintenance services (SMARTnet) and through a series of other illegal exclusionary and anticompetitive acts designed to maintain Cisco’s alleged monopoly in the network maintenance services market for Cisco networking equipment.

Free Software Foundation suit

On December 11, 2008, the Free Software Foundation filed suit against Cisco (see FSF vs. Cisco) regarding Cisco's failure to comply with the GPL and LGPL license models and make the applicable source code publicly available.[၂၄] On May 20, 2009, Cisco settled this lawsuit by complying with FSF licensing terms and making a monetary contribution to the FSF.[၂၅]

See also

  • MSP Partners—an SMB-Channel education program founded in part by Cisco

Notes

  1. "Cisco's Acquisition Strategy" (January 2004). Case Studies In Business Strategy IV: 2. ICMR. BSTR083. Retrieved on 21 December 2009. 
  2. I, Cringely . NerdTV . Transcript | PBS။ Pbs.org။ 2008-11-13 တွင် ပြန်စစ်ပြီး။
  3. Pennell၊ Ian (June 14, 2004)။ "The Evolution of Access Routing" (အင်တာဗျူး)။ Cisco2009-01-04 တွင် ပြန်စစ်ပြီး More than one of |subject= နှင့် |last= specified (အကူအညီ) E
  4. http://www.trademarkia.com/logo-73729839.html
  5. By Jim Duffy, NetworkWorld. "Cisco Buys Moto -- no, not that Moto." May 18, 2010.
  6. "Cisco pushes past Microsoft in market value"၊ CBS Marketwatch၊ 2000-03-25။ 2007-01-25 တွင် ပြန်စစ်ပြီး 
  7. "Cisco replaces Microsoft as world's most valuable company"၊ ReutersThe Indian Express၊ 2000-03-25။ 2007-01-25 တွင် ပြန်စစ်ပြီး 
  8. Cisco Systems Summary
  9. Fost၊ Dan။ "Chron 200 Market capitalization"၊ San Francisco Chronicle၊ 2006-05-05။ 2007-01-25 တွင် ပြန်စစ်ပြီး 
  10. FRONTLINE: the tank man: the struggle to control information | PBS။ Pbs.org။ 2008-11-13 တွင် ပြန်စစ်ပြီး။
  11. Earnhardt၊ John (2006-02-15)။ Cisco Testimony Before House International Relations Subcommittee။ Cisco Systems, Inc.။ 2007-01-25 တွင် ပြန်စစ်ပြီး။
  12. Stirland၊ Sarah (2008-05-20)။ Cisco Leak: ‘Great Firewall’ of China Was a Chance to Sell More Routers။ 2009-06-27 တွင် ပြန်စစ်ပြီး။
  13. "Cisco Shareholder Class Action Lawsuit Resolved" (သတင်းထုတ်ပြန်ချက်)။ Cisco Systems, Inc.။ 2006-08-182007-01-25 တွင် ပြန်စစ်ပြီး
  14. "Cisco resolves class action lawsuit"၊ Silicon Valley/San Jose Business Journal၊ 2006-08-18။ 2007-01-25 တွင် ပြန်စစ်ပြီး 
  15. Cisco offices raided, executives arrested in Brazil: reports။ NetworkWorld (2007-10-16)။ 2007-10-16 တွင် ပြန်စစ်ပြီး။
  16. "Brazilian tax authorities raid, close Cisco System's offices in Sao Paulo, Rio de Janeiro" (သတင်းထုတ်ပြန်ချက်)။ International Herald Tribune။ 2007-10-172007-10-17 တွင် ပြန်စစ်ပြီး
  17. Multiven Sues Cisco။ lightreading (2008-12-01)။ 2008-12-02 တွင် ပြန်စစ်ပြီး။
  18. Net maintenance provider sues Cisco over allegedly monopolistic SMARTnet။ NetworkWorld. (2008-12-01)။ 2008-12-02 တွင် ပြန်စစ်ပြီး။
  19. Cisco Accused Of Monopoly In Antitrust Lawsuit။ ChannelWeb (2008-12-02)။ 2008-12-02 တွင် ပြန်စစ်ပြီး။
  20. "Multiven Files Antitrust Lawsuit Against Cisco Systems, Inc." (သတင်းထုတ်ပြန်ချက်)။ Multiven, Inc.။ 2008-12-012008-12-01 တွင် ပြန်စစ်ပြီး
  21. Cisco Systems hit with antitrust lawsuit။ SearchITChannel (2008-12-04)။ 2008-12-04 တွင် ပြန်စစ်ပြီး။
  22. Lawsuit: Cisco blocks outsider gear maintenance။ fiercetelecom (2008-12-03)။ 2008-12-03 တွင် ပြန်စစ်ပြီး။
  23. Multiven Files Antitrust Lawsuit Against Cisco။ Yahoo News (2008-12-05)။ 2008-12-05 တွင် ပြန်စစ်ပြီး။
  24. "Free Software Foundation Files Suit Against Cisco For GPL Violations" (သတင်းထုတ်ပြန်ချက်)။ BOSTON, Massachusetts: Free Software Foundation။ December 11, 20082009-01-04 တွင် ပြန်စစ်ပြီး
  25. "FSF Settles Suit Against Cisco" (သတင်းထုတ်ပြန်ချက်)။ Free Software Foundation။ May 20, 20092009-05-20 တွင် ပြန်စစ်ပြီး

Further reading

  • Bunnell, D. & Brate, A. (2001). Die Cisco Story (in German). Moderne Industrie. ISBN 3478359953.
  • Bunnell, D. (2000). Making the Cisco Connection: The Story Behind the Real Internet Superpower. Wiley. ISBN 0471357111.
  • Paulson, E. (2001). Inside Cisco: The Real Story of Sustained M&A Growth. Wiley. ISBN 0471414255.
  • Slater, R. (2003). The Eye of the Storm: How John Chambers Steered Cisco Through the Technology Collapse. HarperCollins. ISBN 0060188871.
  • Stauffer, D. (2001). Nothing but Net Business the Cisco Way. Wiley. ISBN 1841120871.
  • Waters, J. K. (2002). John Chambers and the Cisco Way: Navigating Through Volatility. Wiley. ISBN 0471008338.
  • Young, J. S. (2001). Cisco Unauthorized: Inside the High-Stakes Race to Own the Future. Prima Lifestyles. ISBN 0761527753.

External links

    • Cisco Systemsအတွက် စီးပွားရေးဆိုင်ရာ အချက်အလက်:
    • Hoover's
    • Reuters
    • SEC filings


ယခင်က
General Motors
Dow Jones Industrial Average component
June 8, 2009–present
တာဝန်ထမ်းဆောင်ဆဲ

တမ်းပလိတ်:Dow Jones Industrial Average companies တမ်းပလိတ်:NASDAQ-100