မြန်မာအက္ခရာ
မြန်မာအက္ခရာ is a script in the Brahmic family used in Burma for writing Burmese, Mon, Shan, S'gaw and Pwo Karen dialects, and Rumai Palaung. The characters are rounded in appearance, because the traditional palm leaves used for writing on with a stylus would have been ripped by straight lines. Like English, it is written from left to right. There are no spaces between words, although informal writing often contains spaces after each clause.
The script originated in southern Indian script. Burmese adapted from the Mon script , has undergone considerable modifications to suit the phonology of Burmese, and to fit its word order of Subject Object Verb. The script is altered from language to language (e.g. Shan, Mon, etc.)
| ဝဂ်နာမည် | ဝဂ်ဗျည်း | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| သိထိလ | ဓနိတ | သိထိလ | နိဂ္ဂဟိတ | |||||||
| ကဏ္ဍဇ | က | /k/ | ခ | /kʰ/ | ဂ | /g/ | ဃ | /g/ | င | /ŋ/ |
| ကကြီး ([ka̰ dʒí]) | ခခွေး ([kʰa̰ gwé]) | ဂငယ် ([ɡa̰ ŋɛ̀]) | ဃကြီး ([ɡa̰ dʒí]) | - | ||||||
| တာလုဇ | စ | /s/ | ဆ | /sʰ/ | ဇ | /z/ | ဈ | /z/ | ည | /ɲ/ |
| စလုံး ([sa̰ lóʊɴ]) | ဆလိမ် ([sʰa̰ lèɪɴ]) | ဇခွဲ ([za̰ ɡwɛ́]) | ဈမျဉ်းဆွဲ ([za̰ mjíɴ zwɛ́]) | - | ||||||
| မုဒ္ဒဇ | ဋ | /t/ | ဌ | /tʰ/ | ဍ | /d/ | ဎ | /d/ | ဏ | /n/ |
| ဋသန်လျင်းချိတ် ([ta̰ θəlíɴ dʒeɪʔ]) | ဌဝမ်ဘဲ ([tʰa̰ wàɴ bɛ́]) | ဍရင်ကောက် ([da̰ jìɴ ɡaʊʔ]) | ဎရေမှုတ် ([da̰ jè m̥oʊʔ]) | ဏကြီး ([na̰ dʑí]) | ||||||
| ဒန္တဇ | တ | /t/ | ထ | /tʰ/ | ဒ | /d/ | ဓ | /d/ | န | /n/ |
| တဝမ်းပူ ([ta̰ wàɴ bu]) | ထဆင်ထူး ([tʰa̰ sʰìɴ dú]) | ဒထွေး ([da̰ dwé]) | ဓအောက်ခြိုက ([da̰ oʊʔ tʃʰaɪʔ]) | နငယ် ([na̰ ŋɛ̀]) | ||||||
| ဩဌဇ | ပ | /p/ | ဖ | /pʰ/ | ဗ | /b/ | ဘ | /b/ | မ | /m/ |
| ပစောက် ([pa̰ zaʊʔ]) | ဖဦးထုပ် ([pʰa̰ óʊ tʰoʊʔ]) | ဗထက်ခြိုက် ([ba̰ là tʃʰaɪʔ]) | ဘကုန်း ([ba̰ ɡóʊɴ]) | - | ||||||
| အခြားဗျည်းများ | ||||||||||
| အဝဂ် | ယ | /j/ | ရ | /j/ | လ | /l/ | ဝ | /w/ | သ | /θ/ |
| ယပက်လက် ([ja̰ pəlɛʔ]) | ရကောက် ([ja̰ ɡaʊʔ]) | - | - | - | ||||||
| ဟ | /h/ | ဠ | /l/ | အ | /ʔ/ | |||||
| - | ဠကြီး ([la̰ dʒí]) | - | ||||||||
မာတိကာ |
Diacritics [ပြင်ဆင်ရန်]
There are several diactric marks that alter the vowel sound of a letter. Two diacritics are used exclusively for Pali and are rarely seen elsewhere.
| Diacritic | အမည် | Remarks |
|---|---|---|
| ာ | ရေးချ ဝိုက်ချ၊ မောက်ချ | creates low tone |
| ိ (ဣ) | လုံးကြီးတင် | creates an i sound at creaky tone ( e.g. English seat) |
| ီ (ဤ) | လုံးကြီးတင်ဆန်ခတ် | creates an i sound at low tone |
| ု (ဥ) | တစ်ချောင်းငင် | creates a u sound at creaky tone (e.g. English truce) |
| ူ (ဦ) | နှစ်ချောင်းငင် | creates a u sound at low tone |
| ေ (ဧ) | သဝေထိုး | creates an ei sound at high tone (e.g. English cane) |
| ဲ (ဩ) | နောက်ပစ် | creates an è sound at high tone (e.g. English pet) |
| ် | အသတ်, တံခွန် | ဝိရမ; modifies the sound quality of a letter and varies with letters (usually creates a consonant final) |
| ◌း | ဝစ္စပေါက်, ရှေ့ကပေါက်, ရှေ့ဆီး | Visarga; creates high tone, but cannot be used alone |
| ံ | သေးသေးတင် | Anunaasika, creates nasalised -n final |
| ့ | အောက်မြစ် | Anusvara, creates short tone |
| ၙ | used exclusively for Pali | |
| ၘ | used exclusively for Pali |
One or more of these accents can be added to a consonant to change its sound. In addition, other modifying symbols are used to differentiate tone and sound, but are not considered diacritics.
Ligatures [ပြင်ဆင်ရန်]
Specific consonants (a final and the following consonant), when placed next to one another, may be stacked, with the final placed underneath the consonant. They are considered ligatures, and are typically used to abbreviate, but are not necessary and are primarily used to denote Pali or Sanskrit origin.
ဂဏန်း [ပြင်ဆင်ရန်]
A decimal numbering system is used, and numbers are written in the same order as Hindu-Arabic numerals.
The numerals from zero to nine are: ၀၊ ၁၊ ၂၊ ၃၊ ၄၊ ၆၊ ၇၊ ၈ နှင့် ၉ (Unicode 1040 to 1049). Separators (such as commas) to group digits are not used.
Another set of digits from zero to nine is used in the Shan language.
ပုဒ် [ပြင်ဆင်ရန်]
There are two primary break characters in Burmese, drawn as one or two downward strokes (၊ or ။), which respectively act as a comma and a full stop. ၏ is used as a full stop if the sentence immediately ends with a verb. ၍ is roughly the equivalent of a comma and is used to connect two trains of thought.
ယူနီကုဒ် [ပြင်ဆင်ရန်]
The Unicode range for writing Burmese and other languages of Myanmar is U+1000–U+109F. Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points.
| Myanmar Unicode.org chart (PDF) |
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| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | |
| U+100x | က | ခ | ဂ | ဃ | င | စ | ဆ | ဇ | ဈ | ဉ | ည | ဋ | ဌ | ဍ | ဎ | ဏ |
| U+101x | တ | ထ | ဒ | ဓ | န | ပ | ဖ | ဗ | ဘ | မ | ယ | ရ | လ | ဝ | သ | ဟ |
| U+102x | ဠ | အ | ဢ | ဣ | ဤ | ဥ | ဦ | ဧ | ဨ | ဩ | ဪ | ါ | ာ | ိ | ီ | ု |
| U+103x | ူ | ေ | ဲ | ဳ | ဴ | ဵ | ံ | ့ | း | ္ | ် | ျ | ြ | ွ | ှ | ဿ |
| U+104x | ၀ | ၁ | ၂ | ၃ | ၄ | ၅ | ၆ | ၇ | ၈ | ၉ | ၊ | ။ | ၌ | ၍ | ၎ | ၏ |
| U+105x | ၐ | ၑ | ၒ | ၓ | ၔ | ၕ | ၖ | ၗ | ၘ | ၙ | ၚ | ၛ | ၜ | ၝ | ၞ | ၟ |
| U+106x | ၠ | ၡ | ၢ | ၣ | ၤ | ၥ | ၦ | ၧ | ၨ | ၩ | ၪ | ၫ | ၬ | ၭ | ၮ | ၯ |
| U+107x | ၰ | ၱ | ၲ | ၳ | ၴ | ၵ | ၶ | ၷ | ၸ | ၹ | ၺ | ၻ | ၼ | ၽ | ၾ | ၿ |
| U+108x | ႀ | ႁ | ႂ | ႃ | ႄ | ႅ | ႆ | ႇ | ႈ | ႉ | ႊ | ႋ | ႌ | ႍ | ႎ | ႏ |
| U+109x | ႐ | ႑ | ႒ | ႓ | ႔ | ႕ | ႖ | ႗ | ႘ | ႙ | ႞ | ႟ | ||||
For writing the basic Burmese language, only U+1000–U+104F is needed:
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The rest of the chart contains extensions for other languages:
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The 4 code points U+109A–U+109D are still not assigned.
