မြန်မာအက္ခရာ
From Wikipedia
မြန်မာအက္ခရာ is a script in the Brahmic family used in Burma for writing Burmese, Mon, Shan, S'gaw and Pwo Karen dialects, and Rumai Palaung. The characters are rounded in appearance, because the traditional palm leaves used for writing on with a stylus would have been ripped by straight lines. Like English, it is written from left to right. There are no spaces between words, although informal writing often contains spaces after each clause.
The script originated in southern Indian script. Burmese adapted from the Mon script , has undergone considerable modifications to suit the phonology of Burmese, and to fit its word order of Subject Object Verb. The script is altered from language to language (e.g. Shan, Mon, etc.)
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[ပြင်ဆင်ရန်] အက္ခရာ
There are 33 consonants က (ka. [ka̰]) to အ (a. [a̰]) and 23 unique sounds. Consonants are separated into groups of 5, with the exception of the last three letters. The first two letters of each group, except for the ya-group are the aspirated and unaspirated sounds. Six letters are designated specifically for Pāli. The last letter in the alphabet, အ (a. [a̰]), although recognized as a consonant, is actually a vowel. Since အ}} is the only lettered vowel, when used with diacritics, is used to create other vowels. Like other members of the Brahmic family, the sounds of these are modified by diacritics put above, below or beside the character.
The following names are transliterated in contemporary Burmese.
| ဝဏ္ဏ | အမည် | IPA | ပါဠိ | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| က | ကကြီး | /k/ | k | Also used as a final (-က် [-ɛʔ, -aʊʔ, -aɪʔ]) |
| ခ | ခခွေ | /kʰ/ | kh | |
| ဂ | ဂငယ် | /g/ | g | |
| ဃ | ဃကြီး | /g/ | gh | |
| င | - | /ŋ/ | ṅ | Also used as a final (-င် [-in, -aʊn, -aɪn]) |
| စ | စလုံး | /s/ | c | Also used as a final (-စ် [iʔ]) |
| ဆ | ဆလိမ် | /sʰ/ | ch | |
| ဇ | ဇခွဲ | /z/ | j | |
| ဈ | ဈမြင်းဆွဲ | /z/ | jh | |
| ည | - | /ɲ/ | ñ | Also used as a final (-ည်, but representing an open vowel ([i, e, ɛ]) |
| ဋ | ဋသံလျင်းချိတ် | /t/ | ṭ | Used primarily for Pāli (Burmese uses တ as an alternative) |
| ဌ | ဌဝမ်ပဲ | /tʰ/ | ṭh | Used primarily for Pāli (Burmese uses ထ as an alternative) |
| ဍ | ဍရင်ကောက် | /d/ | ḍ | Used primarily for Pāli (Burmese uses ဒ as an alternative) |
| ဎ | ဎရေမှုပ် | /d/ | ḍh | Used primarily for Pāli (Burmese uses ဓ as an alternative) |
| ဏ | ဏကြီး | /n/ | ṇ | Used primarily for Pāli (Burmese uses န as an alternative); also used as a final (-ဏ်) |
| တ | တဝမ်ပ | /t/ | t | Also used as a final (-တ် [-aʔ, -oʊʔ, eɪʔ]) |
| ထ | ထဆင်ထူး | /tʰ/ | th | |
| ဒ | ဒထွေး | /d/ | d | |
| ဓ | ဓအောက်ခြိုက် | /d/ | dh | |
| န | နငယ် | /n/ | n | Also used as a final (-န် [-an, -oʊn, -eɪn]) |
| ပ | ပစောက် | /p/ | p | Also used as a final (-တ် [-aʔ, -oʊʔ, eɪʔ]) |
| ဖ | ဖဦးထုပ် | /pʰ/ | ph | |
| ဗ | ဗထက်ခြိုက် | /b/ | b | |
| ဘ | ဘကုန်း | /b/ | bh | |
| မ | - | /m/ | m | Also used as a final (-မ် [-an, -oʊn, -eɪn]) |
| ယ | ယပလက် | /j/ | y | Also used as a final (-ယ်) but representing an open vowel ([-ɛ̀]) |
| ရ | ရကောက် | /j/ | r | Represents /r/ in Rakhine dialect and in certain contexts of modern Burmese. |
| လ | - | /l/ | l | Also used as a final (-လ်), but unpronounced |
| ဝ | - | /w/ | v | |
| သ | - | /θ/ | s | |
| ဟ | - | /h/ | h | |
| ဠ | ဠကြီး | /l/ | ḷ | Used primarily for Pāli (Burmese uses လ as an alternative) |
| အ | - | /a/ | a | Used with diacritics to form other vowels |
[ပြင်ဆင်ရန်] Diacritics
There are several diactric marks that alter the vowel sound of a letter. Two diacritics are used exclusively for Pali and are rarely seen elsewhere.
| Diacritic | အမည် | Remarks |
|---|---|---|
| ာ | ရေးချ ဝိုက်ချ၊ မောက်ချ | creates low tone |
| ိ (ဣ) | လုံးကြီးတင် | creates an i sound at creaky tone ( e.g. English seat) |
| ီ (ဤ) | လုံးကြီးတင်ဆန်ခတ် | creates an i sound at low tone |
| ု (ဥ) | တစ်ချောင်းငင် | creates a u sound at creaky tone (e.g. English truce) |
| ူ (ဦ) | နှစ်ချောင်းငင် | creates a u sound at low tone |
| ေ (ဧ) | သဝေထိုး | creates an ei sound at high tone (e.g. English cane) |
| ဲ (ဩ) | နောက်ပစ် | creates an è sound at high tone (e.g. English pet) |
| ် | အသတ်, တံခွန် | ဝိရမ; modifies the sound quality of a letter and varies with letters (usually creates a consonant final) |
| ◌း | ဝစ္စပေါက်, ရှေ့ကပေါက်, ရှေ့ဆီး | Visarga; creates high tone, but cannot be used alone |
| ံ | သေးသေးတင် | Anunaasika, creates nasalised -n final |
| ့ | အောက်မြစ် | Anusvara, creates short tone |
| ၙ | used exclusively for Pali | |
| ၘ | used exclusively for Pali |
One or more of these accents can be added to a consonant to change its sound. In addition, other modifying symbols are used to differentiate tone and sound, but are not considered diacritics.
[ပြင်ဆင်ရန်] Ligatures
Specific consonants (a final and the following consonant), when placed next to one another, may be stacked, with the final placed underneath the consonant. They are considered ligatures, and are typically used to abbreviate, but are not necessary and are primarily used to denote Pali or Sanskrit origin.
[ပြင်ဆင်ရန်] ဂဏန်း
A decimal numbering system is used, and numbers are written in the same order as Hindu-Arabic numerals.
The numerals from zero to nine are: ၀၊ ၁၊ ၂၊ ၃၊ ၄၊ ၆၊ ၇၊ ၈ နှင့် ၉ (Unicode 1040 to 1049). Separators (such as commas) to group digits are not used.
Another set of digits from zero to nine is used in the Shan language.
[ပြင်ဆင်ရန်] ပုဒ်
There are two primary break characters in Burmese, drawn as one or two downward strokes (၊ or ။), which respectively act as a comma and a full stop. ၏ is used as a full stop if the sentence immediately ends with a verb. ၍ is roughly the equivalent of a comma and is used to connect two trains of thought.
[ပြင်ဆင်ရန်] ယူနီကုဒ်
The Unicode range for writing Burmese and other languages of Myanmar is U+1000–U+109F. Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points.
| Myanmar Unicode.org chart (PDF) |
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| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | |
| U+100x | က | ခ | ဂ | ဃ | င | စ | ဆ | ဇ | ဈ | ဉ | ည | ဋ | ဌ | ဍ | ဎ | ဏ |
| U+101x | တ | ထ | ဒ | ဓ | န | ပ | ဖ | ဗ | ဘ | မ | ယ | ရ | လ | ဝ | သ | ဟ |
| U+102x | ဠ | အ | ဢ | ဣ | ဤ | ဥ | ဦ | ဧ | ဨ | ဩ | ဪ | ါ | ာ | ိ | ီ | ု |
| U+103x | ူ | ေ | ဲ | ဳ | ဴ | ဵ | ံ | ့ | း | ္ | ် | ျ | ြ | ွ | ှ | ဿ |
| U+104x | ၀ | ၁ | ၂ | ၃ | ၄ | ၅ | ၆ | ၇ | ၈ | ၉ | ၊ | ။ | ၌ | ၍ | ၎ | ၏ |
| U+105x | ၐ | ၑ | ၒ | ၓ | ၔ | ၕ | ၖ | ၗ | ၘ | ၙ | ၚ | ၛ | ၜ | ၝ | ၞ | ၟ |
| U+106x | ၠ | ၡ | ၢ | ၣ | ၤ | ၥ | ၦ | ၧ | ၨ | ၩ | ၪ | ၫ | ၬ | ၭ | ၮ | ၯ |
| U+107x | ၰ | ၱ | ၲ | ၳ | ၴ | ၵ | ၶ | ၷ | ၸ | ၹ | ၺ | ၻ | ၼ | ၽ | ၾ | ၿ |
| U+108x | ႀ | ႁ | ႂ | ႃ | ႄ | ႅ | ႆ | ႇ | ႈ | ႉ | ႊ | ႋ | ႌ | ႍ | ႎ | ႏ |
| U+109x | ႐ | ႑ | ႒ | ႓ | ႔ | ႕ | ႖ | ႗ | ႘ | ႙ | ႞ | ႟ | ||||
For writing the basic Burmese language, only U+1000–U+104F is needed:
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The rest of the chart contains extensions for other languages:
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The 4 code points U+109A–U+109D are still not assigned.
